UNIVERSITY EXTENSION MANUALS

EDITED BY PROFESSOR KNIGHT

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

GENERAL PLAN OF THE SERIES.

This Series is primarily designed to aid the University ExtensionMovement throughout Great Britain and America, and to supply the needso widely felt by students, of Text-books for study and reference, inconnection with the authorised Courses of Lectures.

Volumes dealing with separate sections of Literature, Science,Philosophy, History, and Art have been assigned to representativeliterary men, to University Professors, or to Extension Lecturersconnected with Oxford, Cambridge, London, and the Universities ofScotland and Ireland.

The Manuals are not intended for purposes of Elementary Education, butfor Students who have made some advance in the subjects dealt with.The statement of details is meant to illustrate the working of generallaws, and the development of principles; while the historical evolutionof the subject dealt with is kept in view, along with its philosophicalsignificance.

The remarkable success which has attended University Extension inBritain has been partly due to the combination of scientific treatmentwith popularity, and to the union of simplicity with thoroughness. Thismovement, however, can only reach those resident in the larger centresof population, while all over the country there are thoughtful personswho desire the same kind of teaching. It is for them also that thisSeries is designed. Its aim is to supply the general reader with thesame kind of teaching as is given in the Lectures, and to reflect thespirit which has characterised the movement, viz. the combination ofprinciples with facts, and of methods with results.

The Manuals are also intended to be contributions to the Literatureof the Subjects with which they respectively deal, quite apart fromUniversity Extension; and some of them will be found to meet a generalrather than a special want.

The

French Revolution

BY

CHARLES EDWARD MALLET

Late of Balliol College, Oxford
Lecturer in History on the Staff of the Oxford University Extension

LONDON

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET

1893

Oxford
HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

CONTENTS

PAGES
Introductory 1-4
CHAPTER I.
The Condition of France in the Eighteenth Century 5-27
The old Monarchy in France.—Survivals of free institutions.—Centraliseddespotism of the Crown.—The Intendant'sposition and powers.—Evils of the system.—TheGovernment sensitive to criticism but all-pervading.—Classdivisions.—The nobles and their privileges.—The ruinednobles of the provinces and the rich nobles of the Court.—TheChurch, and the great varieties of condition in it.—TheMiddle Class, its privileges and exemptions.—Usurpationsand spirit of the guilds.—Position of the poorest classin town and country.—Peasant owners, farmers and métayers.—Feudaloppression from which the peas
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